horizontal heterophoria

assalamualaikumwarahmatullah dan selamat sejahtera

topik paling best dlm subjek BVOM ni mstlah

1. heterophoria & vergence anomalies
2. accommodation anomalies 

HETEROPHORIA

• also known as phoria
• also known as latent tropia
• also known as latent strabismus
• in a layman word it is call as 'JULING'

For horizontal phoria, we have esophoria (inwards) & exophoria (outwards)

SO, how to measure the phoria?

1. maddox wing test
2. maddox rod test
3. cover test
4. freeman unit
5. howell card

ESOPHORIA

• measure with base in prism.
• must correct with base out prism.
• we must look up for the negative fusional reserve (NFV) and positive relative accommodation(PRA).
• patient (Pt's) may have convergence excess (CE) or divergence insufficiency (DI) or basic esophoria (basic EP') . 
• As an optometrist, to treat esophoria, we must see the sheard  criterion and perceival criterion.
• we can give:

1. prism prescription
2. spherical alteration
3. vision therapy

EXOPHORIA

• measure with base out prism.
• must correct with base in prism.
• we must look up for the positive fusional reserve (PFV) and negative relative accommodation (NRA).
• patient (Pt's) may have divergence excess (DE) or convergence insufficiency (CI) or basic exophoria (basic XP') . 
• As an optometrist, to treat exophoria, we must see the sheard  criterion and perceival criterion.
• we can give:

1. prism prescription
2. spherical alteration
3. vision therapy

from far with love,

firdawaniruz